How Long Does a Queen Bee Live

Social bees live in colonies, with individual bees filling different roles to benefit the community. The most important role is that of the queen bee because she is solely responsible for keeping the colony going by producing new bees.  How long a queen bee lives and what happens when she dies are two issues that greatly affect the colony she rules, but a queen bees lifespan varies depending on the type of bee. Honey Bees Honey bees are probably the best known social bees. Workers live only about six weeks on average, and drones die immediately after mating. Queen bees, however, are quite long-lived compared to other insects or even other bees. A queen bee has an average productive lifespan of two to three years, during which she may lay up to 2,000 eggs per day. Over her lifetime, she can easily produce over 1 million offspring. Though her productivity will decline as she ages, the queen honey bee can live up to five years. As the queen ages and her productivity declines, worker bees will prepare to replace her by feeding royal jelly to several young larvae.  When a new queen is ready to take her place, the workers usually kill their old queen by smothering and stinging her. Although this sounds rather callous and gruesome, its necessary to the survival of the colony. Splitting the Colony Aging queens arent always killed, however. Sometimes, when a colony becomes overcrowded, the workers will split the colony by swarming. Half the worker bees fly from the hive with their old queen and establish a new, smaller colony. The other half of the colony stays in place, raising a new queen that will mate and lay eggs to replenish their population. The Bumblebee Queen: One Year and Done Bumblebees are also social bees. Unlike with honey bees, where the entire colony lives through the winter, in bumblebees colonies, only the queen bee survives the winter. The bumblebee queen lives for one year. New queens mate in the fall, then hunker down in a sheltered location for the cold winter months. In the spring, each bumblebee queen establishes a nest and starts a new colony. In the fall, she produces a few male drones and allows several of her female offspring to become new queens. The old queen dies and her offspring continue the lifecycle. Stingless Bees Stingless bees, also called meliponine bees, live in social colonies as well. There are at least 500 species of stingless bees known, so the lifespans of stingless bee queens vary. One species, Melipona favosa, is reported to have queens that remain productive for three years or longer.   Sources â€Å"The Colony and Its Organization.†Ã‚  MAAREC.â€Å"INFORMATION SHEET 27.†Ã‚  The Life of the Bee. University of Arizona, Africanized Honey Bee Education Project.ï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Queen Bee.†Ã‚  ANR Blogs.â€Å"Bee Lab.†Ã‚  University of Nebraska-Lincoln Department of Entomology.â€Å"Life Cycles of Honeybee Queens and Their Colonies.†Ã‚  Scientificamerican.com.Sommeijer, Marinus J., et al. â€Å"Reproductive Behaviour of Stingless Bees: Solitary Gynes of Melipona Favosa (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini) Can Penetrate Existing Nests.†Ã‚  Department of Social Insects Utrecht University, pdf.

Change and Continuity - 738 Words

Chiquita Granville Friday, April 13th, 2012 Deborah Heckwolf A.P. World History – 8th period Triangular trade and Erie Canal also started during this period creating a bigger market to produce. Trade between nations on a global scale has changed through our history dramatically with transportation. Concepts that distinguish 1750 – 1900 from previous eras in world history included: industrialization, imperialism, and nationalism Basically, industrialization helped change the production of goods around the world and created new patterns of global trade and production. Transportation and communication were new expanded methods that supported global capitalism. The Industrial Revolution gave huge economic and political advantages to†¦show more content†¦There are different types of imperialism in the 1800s, such as: colonial imperialism, economic imperialism, political imperialism, and socio-cultural imperialism. 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Issues Of Mannerism Essay Example For Students

Issues Of Mannerism Essay he movement in painting that is now referred to as Mannerism began in Italy around 1520, influenced artists throughout Europe, and lasted until the end of the 16th century. The word Mannerism originates from the Italian word maniera which translates into the English word style. The basis of Mannerism then is style; its a period of art where the focus was on grace and beauty. While preceding trends of Renaissance art looked to nature to find their style, working to perfect it, Mannerists manipulated nature creating a gross perfection of human form, idealizing forms to the point of abstraction. Definitions of Mannerist art as well as the reasons for its appearance as a movement are still contested today. For a definition of mannerism to have validity, it must offer a valid origination of the movement. Much is revealed when the reasons behind a certain artistic expression are clear. Until the 19th century, Mannerist art was considered by most to be perverse and capricious. It was considered simply an excessive use of a specific manner of which contained qualities that were strange and unjustified. It was thought that extravagance, a need for increased productivity, and a lack of artistic knowledge led to the Mannerist style. In the early part of the 20th century, these generalizations were considered unfair, and many new theories about the origins of Mannerism surfaced. Some theories suggest that artists were displaying a conscious deviance, painting against the rules of classical art, and rebelling against the High Renaissance and the ideal of naturalness. The spiritual unrest of the age is often considered the root of this deviant artistic behavior. John Shearman points out in Mannerism that the wars of the early 16th century created a period of economic and social disturbance creating the growth of Mannerist style. He says most works of art are insulated in the mind of the artist even from his personal crises, joys and tragedies 40. More reasonable, he says, are explanations of Mannerism in terms of sociological and religious influences. There was a new development in patronage during this period where works were commissioned for no other reason than to have a work made by a certain artist. Many times the subject, and/or the medium were to be decided upon by the artist. Rosso Fiorentinos Descent From the Cross has a profoundly disquieting, visionary style that indicates a deep inner anxiety. There is a cold, icy feel to the painting. Spidery forms spread across a dark sky, and the figures are agitated yet rigid. Even the drapery appears hard, the folds look brittle and ready to crack. The light that bathes the figures and the colors of clothing are brilliant but unreal which reinforces the bad dream feel. Beginning with Mannerism, art begins to become more about the artist than the subject or the person who commissioned it. The pain and distress of Fiorentino is apparent in his work. In his book Mannerism and Maniera, Craig Smyth explains the belief that Mannerist style was connected with the desire for experimentation and creating art for arts sake rather than a spiritual crisis of the period. Smyth also believes that what is usually considered the anti-classical style of Mannerism is based on classical style specifically antique relief. He suggests that Mannerists connected with the idealization of classical art. Smyth says, the classic solution kept painters feeling at one with them, not in the opposition 27. Influenced by the figures of an antique relief, the figures in Pontormos Deposition appear to be molded out of stone; graceful linear rhythms are created by the intertwined geometric forms. The claustrophobic staging of the figures and the way they are all pushed up the front of the canvas closely resembles the unrealistic space of a relief. Pontormos forms have a sculptural solidity and cold gray flesh as if they were made of stone. 12 Angry Men EssayMannerist space is flat and ambiguous; the audience is never quite sure where it is going, or how the figures are arranged in it. The figures appear to be standing on a hill or incline, because the figures in the rear are lifted much higher than those in the front, and there are no clues to how far back the space actually extends. The center of the canvas is the space usually allocated for the focus of the painting during the High Renaissance, but Pontormo leaves it empty. This leaves the composition void of a focal point forcing the viewers eye to continually scan the image. The bodies of the figures seem to move around the frame of the canvas, and the focus of each figure is somewhere different in the painting. Two figures are even facing toward the back of the painting leaving viewers unsure where their attention should be focused. The composition is abstracted further by the palette of colors Pontormo chose. Compositions of the high Renaissance used, for the most part, the full range of primary colors, almost none of which appear in this work. Mannerist color wasnt meant to be realistic, it was for the purpose of variation, and thrill. Again in Fiorentinos Descent From the Cross, the multitude of figures creates a lack of focus in the image, but the uniform light in the painting also helps to disperse focal attention. Mannerist light tends to originate from somewhere parallel to the picture plane reserving shadow for surfaces that recede or protrude. Containing such a small amount of shadow, Fiorentinos scene appears to be bathed in the harsh flash of a camera stressing each figure equally and obscuring the subject. Fiorentinos figures are a mass of parallels and intersections describing the use of line and geometry in Mannerist painting. Smyth says that Elongation is not central to maniera, but the principals of angularity and of spotting the composition with angular elements are 11. The cross and ladders add to the geometry of the painting and aid in the tangency of forms. Shearman explains that the title Mannerism creates the illusion that it was a conscious movement like one of the 19th or 20th centuries. Mannerism didnt have a focus, the artists werent working toward a common goal. The artists of Mannerism were influenced by all that came before them: antiquity, their predecessors and artistic peers, but Mannerists were most importantly looking toward the future and their own imaginations. Artists were for the first time were creating art for the sake of art. The goal of art was no longer intended completely as social or religious propaganda to be determined by the patron. Mannerist art was influenced by imagination and based on fantasy, and it was largely aimed at the enjoyment of an audience.